Health News
UF researchers test drug that could cut orthodontic treatment time in half
GAINESVILLE, Fla. - In the first study of its kind, University of Florida researchers are testing the power of a natural human hormone to biochemically move teeth faster and less painfully during orthodontic treatment.
"Most of orthodontics has traditionally dealt with physics, the biomechanics of applying a force against a tooth to move it," said study investigator Timothy Wheeler, D.M.D., Ph.D., a professor and chairman of orthodontics at UF's College of Dentistry. "Ours is the first study to use a naturally occurring hormone, recombinant human relaxin, to biochemically augment tooth movement and retention."
Relaxin is best known as the hormone that helps women's pelvic ligaments stretch in preparation for giving birth. It does this by softening collagen and elastin in the tissues, loosening strong, cord-like fibers until they have the consistency of limp spaghetti noodles.
That ability prompted researchers to consider relaxin a possible way to accelerate tooth movement and prevent relapse, a condition where the tooth migrates back to its original position after braces are removed.
"You can imagine normal collagen and elastin fibers to be like rubber bands that attach to the tooth to hold it in place," said Wheeler. "Those tissue fibers resist the force of the orthodontic treatment applied to move the tooth, and, when that force is removed, say when the braces are taken off, the elasticity of the tissues springs the tooth back into position."
UF researchers will evaluate whether injecting relaxin into the gums will loosen the collagen and elastin fibers and reorganize them so teeth can move more freely into orthodontic alignment. Once the teeth have been moved, researchers will administer another injection of relaxin under the premise that it will further soften gum tissue fibers, preventing them from pulling teeth back into their original position.
The study will be the first of many to test the hormone as an orthodontic therapy, and it is hoped the drug could cut treatment time in half and eliminate the need for retainers after braces have been removed.
This may not help the more than 5 million Americans and Canadians the American Association of Orthodontists estimates currently wear braces, but if it's shown to work it could bring a sigh of relief from those anticipating future tooth-torqueing orthodontic treatment and the aching teeth and throbbing gums that often go along with it.
The patent for the drug, which received the green light from the Food and Drug Administration last April for testing in human subjects, is owned by BAS Medical, a California-based company. BAS Medical is the sponsor of the UF study, which will establish safety and proof of principle on 40 people before a series of multicenter studies could begin testing the drug on hundreds worldwide.
Researchers won't know which of the 40 subjects receive relaxin and which receive a placebo. One tooth in each subject will be targeted for movement, and, subjects will wear Invisalign braces for eight weeks to move the targeted tooth. At week eight, the aligners will be removed and the teeth evaluated for relapse every four weeks for six months. As a safety measure, the week four outcomes of the first 12 patients entered into the study will be evaluated before the remaining 28 begin treatment. All 40 subjects will have completed the protocol by early October.
Wheeler said researchers hope to determine whether the treatment could eliminate the need for patients to wear retainers to hold teeth in place after braces are removed. The issue of retention - a term used to indicate the tooth remains in the position to which it has been moved without relapse - is a crucial aspect of the study.
"Right now, retention is the biggest problem we have in orthodontics," Wheeler said. "I want to get completely away from retainers, which for most patients right now are a lifetime commitment."
When patients don't wear retainers as prescribed, teeth gradually relapse, nullifying years of orthodontic treatment and expense. It is this lack of patient compliance that frustrates orthodontists worldwide.
"If the results of this study demonstrate enhancement of the rate of orthodontic tooth movement and better stability after treatment, it could be an exciting new method of increasing treatment acceptability while decreasing the need for compliance," said Robert Boyd, D.D.S., a professor and chairman of orthodontics at the University of the Pacific School of Dentistry. "Finishing orthodontic treatment without the usual regimen of lifetime use of retainers would greatly enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of current orthodontic treatment."
An important goal of future studies is to determine dosage and timing of drug delivery as well as delivery methods other than injection.
"This is the first step orthodontics has taken to deal with the biologic control of tooth movement, and what the final product will be is hard to tell at this point. Obviously, we want to make it easily available, easily delivered and as pain-free as possible," Wheeler said. "This initial proof of principle trial will help us define how to accomplish that."
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For advance directives, a picture's worth a thousand words
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GAINESVILLE, Fla. - Ray Moseley sees the trouble with advance health-care directives every time he speaks to a group of senior citizens: Several in the crowd always know someone who had a living will but whose end-of-life decisions were not honored anyway.
Ambiguity, objections and even fear cause families and physicians to ignore the decisions listed in advance directives more often than most people think, violating a patient's right to refuse treatment, says Moseley, Ph.D, a University of Florida bioethicist. But he and two other researchers have envisioned an idea that could make end-of-life decisions easier to decipher.
Videotaping an advance directive, the researchers explain in an article recently published online in the Archives of Geriatrics and Gerontology, would allow people to express medical decisions to their physicians and families in a way legal documents do not allow - face to face.
"Studies have shown that advance directives, in spite of the idea that we should honor an incapacitated person's wishes, just simply don't work very well," Moseley said. "There's this growing frustration out there that written advanced directives aren't working and there don't seem to be any alternatives. We're offering an alternative."
Moseley said the problem isn't the message of advance directives, which have been used for about 30 years and allow people to plan ahead for their health care should they become seriously ill. Advance planning can keep people from battling about end-of-life decisions in court, like the family of Terri Schiavo, a Florida woman in a persistent vegetative state whose husband and parents fought for years about whether her feeding tube should be removed.
But a written advance directive doesn't always stop the bickering among families, Moseley said. Seeing a relative explain his or her decision in a video could quell some of the discord, the researchers suggest. A videotape could spur discussions at home about death, too.
"None of us like talking about end-of-life issues," he said. "We are a death-denying culture. But that's only one little part of (the problem). The big part of it is the medium."
A written advance directive often raises more questions for doctors than the document answers. Physicians don't always know if their patients were coherent when they signed the form or what they meant by certain terms like "terminal." And many physicians in hospitals are caring for incapacitated patients they've never met before, let alone when they were healthier and still coherent. This confusion about a life-or-death issue can force doctors to make conservative treatment choices, ones that may not coincide with what a patient expressed in an advance directive, Moseley said.
"Some of the most difficult situations - difficult for families, patients and physicians - revolve around advance directives," said Robert Hatch, M.D., a UF associate professor of medical education who contributed to the report along with another researcher from the University of California at Los Angeles. Hatch said a doctor with a full hospital schedule probably faces an advance directive problem every other month.
Most doctors are uncomfortable relying on a legal document to determine whether a patient lives or dies, said Kenneth Goodman, Ph.D., a University of Miami bioethics professor and the director of the Florida Bioethics Network.
But with technological and medical advances keeping patients alive longer than they did 50 years ago, advance directives are becoming increasingly important, he said.
"Advance directives are a very important way to let your wishes be known," he said. "(Video) is a very creative way of demonstrating what you want. I think it's a good idea."
The researchers don't think the written form of advance directives should be scrapped though. They see video as a supplement. While many states would accept a video, some states require an advance directive be signed to be legally binding. In Florida, an advance directive does not have to be written but must be witnessed to be legal.
Moseley notes that video living wills may not solve every problem. He said he thinks the idea needs to be studied further and people need to learn to accept others' wishes so a patient's rights are never violated. But for most families and doctors, Moseley said video is one step closer toward a conversation and potentially, one step closer toward acceptance.
"Our goal should be to honor a patient's wishes as best we can, and a video living will would significantly help," he said.
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