The abacus is developed. It performs arithmetic based on methods similar to tht of a modern computer
1694
The Leibniz Computer is perfected by Gottfried Leibniz, who was also an inventor of calculus. It multiplies by performing repetitive additions, an algorithm that is still used in computers today.
1847
George Boole publishes his early ideas on symbolic logic that he will later develop into his theory of binary logic and arithmetic. His theories still form the basis of modern computation.
1890
Herman Hollerith patents an electromechanical information machine that uses punch cards, introducing the use of electricity in a major data processing project. Six years later he founds the Tabulating Machine Company. This company will eventually become IBM. In 1911 after acquiring several other companies he changes the name to (CTR) Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company. In 1924 the new CEO Thomas J. Watson renames the company IBM. IBM will lead the modern computer industry.
1940
ABC the first electronic (nonprogrammable) computer, is built by John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry. The worlds first operational computer, known as Robinson, is created by Ultra, the 10,000 person British computer war effort. Using electromechanical relays, it successfully decodes messages from enigma, the Nazis’ first-generation enciphering machine.
1941
The worlds first fully programmable digital computer, the Z-3, is developed BY Konrad Zuse of Germany.
1943
The Ultra British effort builds Colossus. It uses electronic tubes that are 100 to 1000 times faster than the relays used by Robinson to decipher more complex German codes.
1946
The worlds first fully electronic, general-purpose (programmable) digital computer, named ENIAC, is built for the army by John Eckert & John Mauchle.
1947
The transistor is invented by William Shockley, Walter Brattain and John Bardeen contributing to lower costs and the development of mainframe and minicomputers
1949
EDSAC the worlds first stored-program computer is built by Maurice.
1950
UNIVAC, the first commercially marketed computer is used to compile the results of the U.S. Census, marking the first time the census is handled by a programmable computer
1951
EDVAC, becomes the first computer to use the stored program concept.
1955
William Shockley’s Semiconductor Laboratory is founded, it is the beginning of Silicone Valley.
1958
An Integrated circuit is created by Texas Instruments’. Control Data Corporation introduces the first fully transistorized supercomputer. The computer chip is developed leading to smaller and cheaper computers.
1959
Xerox introduces the first commercial copier
1960
Theodore Maimen develops the first laser.
1963
The Digital Equipment Company announces the PDP-8, the first successful minicomputer
1968
Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce found Intel (Integrated Electronics) Corporation.
1970
The floppy disc is introduced for storing data in computers.
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It’s amazing how far technology has advanced and how little man has Spock, in a Star Trek episode
What will the future of computers hold for us? Ray Kurzwell, in his book THE AGE OF SPIRITUAL MACHINES is one of the foremost experts in this field. His projections are more than justa list of predictions, they are a blueprint showing where we are heading. The question left us seems to be, what does it meanto be human?
2009
A $1,000 personal computer can perform about a trillion calculations per second. Personal computers with high-resolution visual displays come in a wide range of sizes, from those small enough to be embedded in clothing and jewelry up to the size of a thin book. Cables are disappearing. Communications between components uses short-distance wireless technology. High speed wireless communication provides access to the Web. The majority of text is created by using continuous speech recognition. Language user interfaces (LUIs) are everywhere. Most routine business transactions (purchases, travel, reservations) take place between a humanand a virtual personality. Often, the virtual personality includes an animated visual presence that lookslike a human face. Although traditional classroom organization is still common, intelligent courseware has emerged as a common means of learning. Pocket-sized reading machines for the visually impaired, “listening machines” (speech to text conversion) for the deaf, and computer controlled orthotic devices for paraplegic individuals result in a growing perception that primary disabilities do not necessarily impart handicaps. Translating telephones are commonly used for many languages. Accelerating returns from the advance of computer technology have resulted in continued
economic expansion. Human musicians routinely jam with cybernetic musicians.
2019
A $1,000 computing device (in 2000 dollars) is now approximately equal to the computational ability of the human brain. Computers are now largely invisible and are embedded everywhere--in walls, tables, chairs, desks, clothing, jewelry, and bodies. Three dimensional virtual reality displays, embedded in glasses and contact lenses, as well as auditory lenses, are used routinely as primary interfaces for communication with other persons, computers, the Web, and virtual reality. Most interaction with computing is through gestures and two-way natuaral-language spoken communication. Nano-engineered machines are beginning to be applied to manufacturing and process-control applications. High-resolution, three-dimensional visual and auditory virtual reality and realistic all-encompassing tactile environments enable people to do virtually anything withany body, regardless of physical proximity. Paper books or documents are rarely used and most learning is conducted through intelligent, simulated software-based teachers. Blind persons routinely use eyeglass-mounted reading-navigation systems. Deaf persons read what other people are saying through their lens displays. Paraplegic and some quadriplegic persons routinely walk and climb stairs through a combination of computer controlled nerve stimulation and exoskeletal robotic devices. The vast majority of transactions include a simulated person. Automated driving systems are now installed in most roads. People are beginning to have relationships with automated personalities and use them as companions, teachers, caretakers, and lovers. Virtual artists, with their own reputations, are emerging in all of the arts. There are widespread reports of computers passing the Turing test, (a test that determines if machines are human) although these test do not meet the criteria established by knowledgeable observers.
2029
A $1,000 (in 2000 dollars) unit of computation has the computing capacity of approximately 1,000human brains. Permanent or removable implants (similar to contact lenses) for the eyes as well as cochlear implants are now used to provide input and output between the human user and theworld-wide computing network. Direct neural pathways have been perfected for high-bandwith connection to the human brain. A range of neural implants is becoming available to enhance visual and auditory perception and interpretation, memory, and reasoning. Automated agents are now learning on their own, and significant knowledge is being created by machines with no human intervention. Computers have read all available human - and - machine generated literature and multimedia material. There is widespread use of all encompassing visual auditory, and tactile communication using direct neural connections, allowing virtual reality to take place without having to be in a “total touch enclosure.” The majority of communication does not involve a human.The majority of communication involving a human is between a human and a machine.There is almost no humanContact Us | Privacy Policy | About Us | Report News | E-mail Us | Send manuscripts | Employment in production, agriculture, or transportation. Basic life needs are available for the vast majority of the human race. There is growing discussion about the legal right of computers and what constitutes being “human.” Although computers routinely pass apparently valid forms of the Turing test, controversy persists about whether or not machine intelligence equals human intelligence in all of its diversity. Machines claim to be conscious.These claims are largely accepted.
2049
Nanobot swarm projections are used to create visual-auditory-tactile projections of people and objects in real reality.
2072
Pico-engineering (developing technology at the scale of picometers or trillionths of a meter) become practical. Pico-engineering involves engineering at the level of subatomic particles, like an electron.
By the year 2099
Machine-based intelligence derived from extended models of human intelligence claim to be human There is a strong trend toward a merger of human thinking with the world of machine intelligence that the human species initially created. There is no longer any clear distinction between humans and computers. Most conscious entities do not have a permanent physical presence. Machine-based intelligence derived from extended models of human intelligence claim to be human, although their brains are not based on carbon-based cellular processes, but rather electronic and photonic equivalents. Most of these intelligences are not tied to a specific computational processing unit. The number of software-based humans vastly exceeds those still using native neuron-cell-based computation. Even among those human intelligences still using carbon-based neurons, there is ubiquitous use of neural-implant technology, which provides enormous augmentation of human perceptual and cognitive abilities. Humans who do not utilize such implants are unable to meaningfully participate in dialogues with those who do. Because most information is published using standard assimilated knowledge protocols, information can be instantly understood. The goal of education, and of intelligent beings, is discovering new knowledge to learn. Femto-engineering (engineering at the scale of femtometers or one-thousandth of a trillion of a meter) proposals are controversial. (Femtoengineering will involve engineering using mechanisms within a quark.) Life expectancy is no longer a viable term in relation to intelligent beings.
The Intel 4004, the first microprocessor is introduced by Intel. Three years later Intel announces the 8-bit 8080, which is the first general-purpose microprocessor.
1975
The first personal computer the Altair 8800, is introduced. It has 256 bytes of memory.
1976
Stephen Wozniak and Stephen Jobs found Apple Computer Corporation.
1977
The Apple II, the first personal to be sold and in assembled form and the first with color graphics capability is introduced.
1981
IBM introduces it’s Personal Computer (PC). Xerox introduces the Star Computer launching the concept of Desktop publishing
1984
The Apple Macintosh introduces “The desktop metaphor,” pioneered at Xerox, including bit-mapped graphics, icons and the mouse.
1990
The development of Hypertext Markup Language by researcher Tim Berners-Lee and its release by CERN, the high energy physics laboratory in Geneva leads to the conception of the World Wide Web.
1992
The first personal digital assistant (PDA) a hand held computer is introduced by Apple.
1993
The World Wide Web emerges
1994
AOL has more than 1 million subscribers. Scanners and CD-ROMS are becoming widely used. The Digital Equipment Corporation introduces a 300 MHz version of the Alpha AXP processor that executes 1 billion instructions per second
1996
NEC Electronics ships the R4101 processor for personal digital assistants that has a touch screen interface.
1997
Deep Blue defeats world chess champion Gary Kasparov, in a regulation tournament. Video phones are being used in business. Dragon Systems introduces the first continuous-speech dictation software.
Face-recognition systems are beginning to be used in payroll check-cashing machines.
1998 to the present
Lernout & Hauspie Speech Products introduces Voice Xpress Plus. The first continuous speech-recognition program with the ability to understand natural-language commands.
Routine business transactions over the phone are begining to be conducted between a human customer and an automated system that engages in a verbal dialogue with the customer (as is the case with United Airlines reservations)
Investment funds are emerging that use evolutionary algorithms and neural nets to make investment decisions (Advanced Investment Technologies)
The World Wide Web is everywhere. It is routine for high school students and grocery stores to have web sites.
Automated personalities, which appear as animated faces that speak with realistic mouth movements and facial expressions, are working in labratories.
These personalities respond to the spoken statements and facial expressions of their human users.
They are being developed to be used in future user interfaces for products and services, as personalized reasearch and business assistants, and to conduct transactions.
“Bluetooth” technology is being developed for “body” local area networks (LANs) and for wireless communication and associated uses. Wireless communication is developed for connection to the Web.
